bespoke ecotoxicological testing for the risk assessment of contaminated land regarding ecological receptors. These include plant growth and contaminant-uptake tests, soil invertebrate and microbial tests, and soil characterisation. Forest Research has considerable experience in conducting both nursery- and field-scale experiments on contaminated land. This includes the evaluation of risk to ecological receptors, species selection and the use of soil amendments to improve soil quality, immobilise contaminants and improve microbial degradation of organic contaminants. The remediation of polluted sites, discussed in subsection 3.2, is an extremely broad topic. It is dealt with in just 4 pages, yet most categories of techniques are mentioned. Bio-based techniques (e.g., phyto- and bioremediation) are referred to as promising, environmentally-friendly, and less expensive or impactful than the traditional engineering-based
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