analysis, has the potential to differentiate between anthropogenic and natural element sources. The mapping of the contamination indices we used, which take into account spatial information and human activities, provide an effective way to evaluate the spatial distributions of anthropogenic impact on soil composition. Using EFs, Igeo, and PI calculated relative to off-site reference values of an entire region does not improve the sensitivity of the methods to the anthropogenic enrichment and may even give spurious results. This study demonstrates that values of contamination indices can be high relative to off-site values for a number of reasons, and contamination is just one potential cause. The three off-site references methods employed in this study are easy to conduct, and may be used for quantitative analyses to assume consistent effects of geologic and pedogenic processes at regional scale. Though similar integrated soil quality evaluation results were obtained from the four indices, PCA is better for
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