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EEZs in the 2017 Ocean Health Index . Mangrove space has decreased from about four.25 million ha in the early Nineteen Eighties to three.4 million ha at present , driven by transformation of mangrove mud coasts into built-up areas or fishponds. Mangrove loss (which accounts for six% of whole annual forest loss) is a big supply of GHG emissions in addition to a explanation for coastal erosion and land loss. Nearly half of mangroves (1.eight million ha) are in broken situation. The government goals to restore this space by 2045. More than two-thirds of Indonesia’s coral reefs were thought-about to be in moderate (35%) or unhealthy (35%) condition in 2017, with a smaller share being in good (23%) or superb (6.four%) condition . The coral reefs had been also found to be essentially the most littered by plastics in Asia-Pacific (Lamb et al., 2018). The declining health of Indonesia’s marine ecosystems could have profound socio-economic implications, as they supply useful ecosystem companies and help economic exercise and the livelihoods of local communities (Box 1.3). The LEPM units a 30-year restrict on the operator’s liability for contamination after closure of an industrial web site. It doesn’t oblige the government to wash up air pollution if the responsible celebration is unknown or bancrupt, or the liability has expired, which is another barrier to remediation . Remediation of contaminated websites is the accountability of district governments, however they lack the mandatory financial resources and are unwilling to identify, assess or report the sites. The central authorities has only simply started to create a list of contaminated sites. There are no guidelines or standards for restoration of land, water bodies or ecosystems. Government Regulation No. forty six/2017 envisages creation of a fund for remediation of environmental harm “caused by unknown sources” however doesn’t specify whether the fund would exist at the nationwide or provincial level, or each. The 2009 Law on Environmental Protection and Management
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