Males are expelled from the family group when they reach puberty and can either live alone or in groups with other males. Adult males mostly interact with family groups when searching for a mate. Male elephants will experience a period of increased testosterone and extreme violence called musth, which displays dominance of one male over other males as well as reproductive success. Juveniles are the center of attention in family groups and are dependent on their mother for three years.
Elephants can live 70 years in the wild. They communicate by touch, sight, smell and sound; elephants use infrasound, and seismic communication, to communicate. Elephant intelligence has been compared with primates and whale sets. They appear to have self-awareness, and show empathy for members who are dying or dying.
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