The antlers of the northern reindeer are flat, compact, and relatively dense, the antlers are thicker and wider than those of other wild reindeer, and their legs and heads are longer. They are adapted to cold environments with a compact body covered with a thick and long outer coat (thicker in winter in summer). They have a large, blunt snout, short wide ears, and a small tail. The males have a brown to black brown in summer, and become gray in winter. Adults have creamy white collar, mane, striped shoulders, underbelly, under tail, and patch on each claw.
Females mature at 16 months of age and males 18-20 months, but males generally do not breed before age three or four due to the herd’s hierarchical nature and competition among males. Their fertility rates are low. Breeding occurs in late September and early October and young cubs are born in mid-June although these dates may vary based on geographic area. The female reindeer and the newborn calf are more susceptible to cannibalism than the migratory reindeer, as they are often separate from the rest of the herd and remain alone until mid-winter.
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